Reading:

1. fact 2. opinion 3. opinion 4. fact

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Understanding the Text:

A 1.c (fact)

2.b (opinion)

B 1 False -

* ..... they would be able to identify chromosomes that

cause specific illnessess and prevent them in the future.

(lines 21 - 25)

2 False -

* ...... it’s too late to help me. (line 59)

C ?????????????

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Think for Yourself

A Oscar is correct.

B Possible answers:

1. It will help scientists to identify the chromosomes that cause specific diseases.

This will help them to stop these diseases in the future.

2. Old people will be healthier and more active.

3. She is already too old to benefit from the research that is being done.

C Possible answers:

1. The result could be the ability to "grow" new organs and body parts.

2. The two arguments the sceptics give are that if we prevent one disease,

another will take its place

and that other factors will also have to be taken into consideration.

3. If our life expectancy is increased, there might be fewer jobs for young adults.

Also, the consumer, leisure and tourist industries will be affected.

Words at Work

A 1. lies in

2. point out

3. elderly

4. retire

5. life-span

6. researcher

7. poverty

B 1. carrying out

2. breakthrough

3. reserach

4. life-span

5. retire

6. far-reaching

7. leisure

8. poverty

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Gerunds and Infinitives

A Verb + infinitive Verb + gerund Both

decide avoid begin

manage dislike continue

prepare finish hate

promise keep like

refuse suggest love

need plan

prefer

start

can’t stand

B 1. doing

2. to retire

3. studying

4. to work

5. to help

6. to eliminate

7. having / to have

8. living / to live

C 1b 2a 3d 4c 5f 6e 7h 8g

Conditionals

A

1. If we knew how to prevent disease, people would live much longer.

2. If the research is successful, laboratories will produce new organs.

Unless we eradicate poverty, there will always be diseases.

As long as he remains active, he will be healthy.

/ Providing that he remains active, he will be healthy.

3. If the experiment had succeeded, there would have been tremendous consequences.

4. If = as long as / providing that

If not = unless

5. a. If the research is successful, laboratories will produce new organs.

Unless we eradicate poverty, there will always be diseases.

As long as (/Provided that) he remains active, he will be healthy.

b. If we knew how to prevent diseases, people would live much longer.

c. If the experiment had succeeded, there would have been tremendous consequences.

6. Conditional             Condition                                 Result

First Conditional         If + present simple,             future simple with WILL

Second Conditional     If + past simple,                 would + base form of verb

Third Conditional         If + past perfect,                 would have + past participle

B

1d   2h   3g   4f   5a   6c   7b   8e

C

1. were, would stop   -  Second Conditional

                                  refers to aimaginary situation in present.

2. will miss, hurries   -   First Conditional

                                  refers to something possible in the future

3. would be, drove   -   Second Conditional

4. would have finished  -  Third Conditional

                                     refers to impossible situation in the past

5. hadn't gone, wouldn't have caught  - Third Conditional

6. were, would play      - Second Conditional

    had been, would have played    - Third Conditional

7. pass, will treat    -    First Conditional

8. works, will support   - First Conditional

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Wish Clauses               

1. I wish they wouldn't make such a noise.

    If only they wouldn't make such a noise.

2. I wish I knew the answer.

    If only I knew the answer.

3. I wish they would find a cure for cancer.

    If only they would find a cure for cancer.

4. I wish I had heard the news last night.

    If only I had herad the news last night.

5. a) Past Simple

    b) Past Perfect

    c) would + verb

    d) would not + verb

B 1. had listened

    2. would discover

    3.were

    4. hadn't told

    5. would go

    6. had known

    7. would speak

    8. knew

C 1. had won

    2. would end

    3. knew

    4. hadn't agreed

    5. would rain

    6. lived

    7. had been

D

1  a.    He wishes he were taller

    b.    "If only I were taller."       

2  a.    She wishes she had driven more carefully.

    b.    "If only I had driven more carefully."

3  a.    His parents wish he would study for his exams.

    b.    "If only he would study for his exams."

4  a.    They wish they had reserved a table.

    b.    "If only we had reserved a table." 

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b) FALSE ..... even in South Korea, one of the richest Asian countries, families are stopping their daughters from going to after-school classes so that they will have more money .....

     FALSE    ..... the once strong economies in South-East Asia are now facing serious problems.

( Esta pregunta tiene dos soluciones aceptables. ¡Elige una! )

c) FALSE ..... their father ordered the girls to drop out of all of their after-school classes except for art.

d) FALSE .... he was forced to continue taking everything, even though he didn’t want to.

e) TRUE .... she supposes it’s right that a son gets the most attention.

2. a) strong

b) region

c) hit

d) drop out of

e) forced to

3. a) One result of the economic crisis in South-East Asia is

that fewer women have jobs.

b) The girls were ordered to drop out of most of their after-school classes because

the families needed the money to educate the sons.

4. a) Women all over the world are being affected by economic changes.

b) More and more women have been accepted into the work-place by society.

a) The employer paid Peter less than the other workers.

b) Peter was paid less than the other workers.

a) The government is building a new school in our area.

b) A new school is being built in our area.

a) Dr Smith will publish the article soon.

b) The article will be published soon.

1. Which sentences are active? --> all "a" sentences:

The employer paid Peter less than the other workers.

The government is building a new school in our area.

Dr Smith will publish the article soon.

Which sentences are passsive? --> all "b" sentences:

Peter was paid less than the other workers.

A new school is being built in our area.

The article will be published soon.

2. Where are the words in italics the object of the sentence?

In the active "a" sentences, the words in italics are the object.

Where are the words in italics the subject of the sentence?

In the pssive "b" sentences, the words in italics are the subject.

3. Which sentences focus on the person doing the action?

In the active "a" sentences, the focus is on the person.

Which sentences focus on the action?

In the passive "b" sentences, the focus is on the action.

4. Is the form of the verb the same in the active and the passive?

No, it isn’t. (See grammar appendix page 97.)

1.   It is not important who paid Peter's salary.  -->   Peter was paid less than the other workers.

2.   The employer is the important person in this sentence.  -->   The employer paid Peter less than the other workers.

3.   We don't know who is building the new school.  -->  A new school is being built in our area.

4.   We know who is building the new school.   -->  The government is building a new school in our area.

5.

Brian was feeling very nervous as he waited in the secretary's office. He was going to be interviewed for a new job and the secretary had told him to wait until Mr Grace was ready to see him. Brian really needed this job and he hoped he would get it. Finally, he was invited into Mr Grace's office. He was asked many questions by Mr Grace and he answered all of them very well.

Continue the story by writing the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Brian was also told about the job requirements. "You will be expected ( / You are expected ) to work from nine until five every day. You will be given a lunch break of half an hour," Mr Grace told him. "If you are late, money will be deducted from your salary," he continued. It took Brian a few seconds to realise that the job was his.

deliver   *   test   *   repair   *   publish   *   cut

1.   Her car broke down yesterday. Today she is having it repaired. / Today she is getting it repaired.

2.   John can't see well. He must have/get his eyes tested.

3.   The scientist wrote a new article. He had/got it published last year.

4.   Pam is going to the hairdresser tomorrow. She is going to have/get her hair cut.

5.   These parcels are too heavy for you to carry. You ought to have/get them delivered.

Read the sentences below. Then answer the questions which follow.

1.   What is the difference between the active and the passive verb forms.

      In the passive, the word been is added between have/has/had and the participle of the main verb.

2.   Why is the active or passive used in each sentence?

     The active is used when it is important to know the subject of the action, while the passive is used when the subject of the action is unknown, obvious or unimportant.